ROTATOR CUFF

• The Rotator Cuff (RC) is a common name for the group of 4 distinct muscles and their tendons, which provide strength and stability during motion to the shoulder complex. They are also referred to as the SITS muscle, with reference to the first letter of their names (Supraspinatus, Infraspinatus,Teres minor, and Subscapularis, respectfully). The muscles arise from the scapula and connect to the head of the humerus, forming a cuff around the glenohumeral (GH) joint.

What is a Rotator cuff injury?

• As sports fans and athletes alike know, shoulder injuries are serious business. They can be extremely painful, limiting, and slow to heal.
• The rotator cuff is a group of four muscles that stabilize the shoulder and allow it to move.

The most common rotator cuff injuries are impingements and tears.

Impingement: An impingement occurs when a rotator cuff muscle swells and cramps the space between the arm and shoulder bones, causing pinching. Muscle strain, other overuse injuries, and bone spurs are common causes of swelling.

Tear: A less common injury, a rotator cuff tear occurs when a rotator cuff tendon or muscle is torn. Most tears will not require surgery.

• Repetitive, overhead motions can wear down the rotator cuff muscles and are thus a common cause of injury. This is why athletes such as baseball pitchers frequently have shoulder issues. A traumatic injury, such as falling onto your arm, can also cause injury. Regardless of how it happens, the risk of a rotator cuff tear increases as we age and the wear on our bodies accumulates.

Anatomy of Rotator cuff muscles:

Cranial to the rotator cuff, there is a bursa which covers and protects the muscle and tendons, as they are in close contact with the surrounding bones.

Function of Rotator cuff muscles:

• The RC muscles are each used in a variety of upper extremity movements including flexion, abduction, internal rotation, and external rotation. They are essential players in almost every type of shoulder movement. Balanced strength and flexibility in each of the four muscles are vital to maintain functioning of the entire shoulder girdle.
• As a group, the rotator cuff muscles are responsible for stabilizing the shoulder joint, by providing the “fine tuning” movements of the head of the humerus within the glenoid fossa. They are deeper muscles and are very active in the neuromuscular control of the shoulder complex during upper extremity movements.
• They keep the head of the humerus within the small glenoid fossa of the scapula in order to enlarge the range of motion in the GH joint and avoid mechanical obstruction (i.e. a possible biomechanical impingement during elevation).
• It is well documented that RC dysfunctions can lead to shoulder pain, impaired functional capacities and reduced quality of life.

Common Injuries to the Rotator cuff muscles:

• RC injuries are common injuries that can occur at any age. In younger subjects, most injuries occur secondary to trauma or arise from overuse due to overhead activities (e.g. volleyball, tennis, pitching). Incidence of injuries increases with age, however, some individuals with rotator cuff pathology may be asymptomatic.
• The RC muscles can fall victim to muscle degeneration, impingement,t and tearing with advancements in age. Poor biomechanics, such as postural dysfunctions (anterior posture of the GH in the glenoid cavity, for example) can prematurely affect the quality of the RC muscles and tendons due to repetitive strains and tissue encroachment.

Most common injuries to the Rotator Cuff are often referred to as:

• Rotator Cuff Tears (micro or macro tearing of the muscles or tendons);
  
• Rotator Cuff Tendinitis (acute inflammation of the RC soft tissue);
  
• Rotator Cuff Tendinopathy (chronic irritation or degeneration of the RC soft tissue);
  
• Impingement syndrome (biomechanical dysfunction of the shoulder complex with causes abnormal wear and tear on the RC soft tissue).

Common symptoms of Rotator cuff injury:

• It is important to note that RC tears or injuries are not always associated with pain or patient-reported loss of function.Moreover, it is worth noting that asymptomatic patients may develop symptoms in a relatively short period of time.

The most common signs of rotator cuff injuries are:

• Pain (may or may not be present). Can be localized to anterior/lateral aspect of the shoulder, with referred pain down the upper arm (lateral aspect).
• Painful range of motion
• Painful arch (degrees vary – generally above shoulder height)
• Painful external rotation / internal rotation / ABDuction
• Muscle weakness in the shoulder joint (particularly ABDuction and ER)
• Functional impairments (difficulty lifting, pushing, overhead movements, and movements with a hand behind the back (IR)).
• These signs result mainly from a loss of the superior stability of the glenohumeral joint because of dysfunction of the rotator cuff muscles.

Causes of Rotator cuff injury:

• Rotator cuff disease may be the result of either a substantial injury to the shoulder or to progressive degeneration or wear and tear of the tendon tissue. Repetitive overhead activity or heavy lifting over a prolonged period of time may irritate or damage the tendon.

Risk Factor of Rotator cuff injury:

The following factors may increase your risk of having a rotator cuff injury:

Age:- As you get older, your risk of a rotator cuff injury increases. Rotator cuff tears are most common in people older than 40.

Certain sports:- Athletes who regularly use repetitive arm motions, such as baseball pitchers, archers and tennis players, have a greater risk of having a rotator cuff injury.

Construction jobs:- Occupations such as carpentry or house painting require repetitive arm motions, often overhead, that can damage the rotator cuff over time.

Family history:- There may be a genetic component involved with rotator cuff injuries as they appear to occur more commonly in certain families.

Physiotherapy treatment of Rotator cuff muscles injury:

• Try using the “RICE” method immediately following an injury: Rest, ice, compression, and elevation work together to reduce pain and swelling. Once swelling has gone down and your arm is no longer painful to move, certain exercises can help you heal and prevent issues such as “frozen shoulder” or loss of range of motion. These exercises include:

• doorway stretch
• side-lying external rotation
• high-to-low rows
• reverse fly
• lawn mower pull
  
• If you are comfortable adding weight to these exercises, try using a light dumbbell or resistance band for repetitions. If you do not have a light dumbbell, try using a can of soup.

1. Doorway stretch:
   – Warm up your muscles by standing in an open doorway and spreading your arms out to the side.
   – Grip the sides of the doorway with each hand at or below shoulder height, and lean forward through the doorway until you feel a light stretch.
   – Keep a straight back as you lean and shift your weight onto your toes. You should feel a stretch in the front of your shoulder. Do not overstretch.
2. Side-lying external rotation:
   – Lie down on the side opposite your injured arm.
   – Bend the elbow of your injured arm to 90 degrees and rest the elbow on your side. Your forearm should rest across your abdomen.
   – Hold a light dumbbell in the injured side’s hand and, keeping your elbow against your side, slowly raise the dumbbell toward the ceiling. Stop rotating your arm if you feel strain.
   – Hold the dumbbell up for a few seconds before returning to the start position with your arm down.
   – Repeat 3 sets of 10 up to 3 times per day. Increase reps to 20 when a set of 10 becomes easy.
3. High-to-low rows:
   – Attach a resistance band to something sturdy at or above shoulder height. Be sure it is secure so it doesn’t come lose when you pull on it.
   – Get down on one knee so the knee opposite your injured arm is raised. Your body and lowered knee should be aligned. Rest your other hand on your raised knee.
   – Holding the band securely with your arm outstretched, pull your elbow toward your body. Keep your back straight and squeeze your shoulder blades together and down as you pull. Your body should not move or twist with your arm.
   – Return to start and repeat 3 sets of 10.
4. Reverse fly:
   – Stand with your feet shoulder-width apart and your knees slightly bent. Keep your back straight and bend forward slightly at the waist.
   – With a light weight in each hand, extend your arms and raise them away from your body. Do not lock your elbow. Squeeze your shoulder blades together as you do so. Do not raise your arms above shoulder height.
   – Return to start and repeat 3 sets of 10.
5. Lawn mower pull:
   – Stand with your feet shoulder-width apart. Place one end of a resistance band under the foot opposite your injured arm. Hold the other end with the injured arm, so the band goes diagonally across your body.
   – Keeping your other hand on your hip and without locking your knees, bend slightly at the waist so the hand holding the band is parallel to the opposite knee.
   – As if starting a lawn mower in slow motion, straighten upright while pulling your elbow across the body to your outside ribs. Keep your shoulders relaxed and squeeze your shoulder blades together as you stand.
   – Repeat 3 sets of 10.