Definition: Lumbarization is a condition in which the first segment of the sacrum fails to fuse with the second segment so that it appears to be part of the lumbar vertebrae. Related Anatomy : The human spine is composed of vertebrae namely, cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral and the coccyx at the lower end. There are…
Introduction :- A reflex is an involuntary and relatively stereotyped response to a specific sensory stimulus. There are many types of reflexes and every healthy person has them. In fact, we’re born with most of them. eg. When a person accidentally touches a hot object, they automatically jerk their hand away without thinking. Reflex arcs…
Cubital Tunnel Syndrome is a condition that involves pressure or stretching of the ulnar nerve (also known as the “funny bone” nerve), which can cause numbness or tingling in the ring and small fingers, pain in the forearm, and/or weakness in the hand. When Ulnar nerve passes through “funny bone” in the elbow creates sometimes…
Introduction: Osteoporosis is defined as low bone mineral density caused by altered bone micro-structure ultimately predisposing patients to low-impact, fragility fractures. Normal bone is composed of protein, collagen, and calcium, all of which give bone its strength. Bones that are affected by osteoporosis can break (fracture) with relatively minor injuries that normally would not cause…
Definition: Cervicogenic Headache (CGH) is a chronic headache that arises from the atlanto-occipital and upper cervical joints and seen in one or more regions of the head, Neck and/or face. Introduction: Cervicogenic headaches can mimic migraines, so it may be difficult to distinguish a cervicogenic headache from a migraine headache. The primary difference is that a…
INTRODUCTION : Triceps Tendonitis also known as Weightlifter’s elbow is the rarest tendonitis of the elbow, is an inflammation of the triceps tendon can cause significant discomfort and make many daily activities challenging. Tendonitis is also called tendinitis. The muscle of the back of the arm is called triceps brachii. triceps passes behind the shoulder…
What is an Elbow Pain? DEFINITION: ANATOMY OF ELBOW JOINT: OSTEOLOGY: There are three bones that comprise the elbow joint:-the humerus-the radius-the ulna. These bones give rise to two joints LIGAMENTS OF THE ELBOW JOINT: BLOOD SUPPLY AND INNERVATION: MOVEMENTS: Flexion Most of the muscles producing flexion are found in the anterior compartment of the…
What is Cubitus Varus Deformity? Cubitus varus deformity is a condition in which the forearm is bent towards the body, causing the hand to turn inward. This can occur due to a congenital abnormality, injury, or bone development issues. Treatment options range from physical therapy to surgery, depending on the severity of the condition. INTRODUCTION:…
What is a Cubitus Valgus Deformity? Defination Symptoms Causes There are mainly two causes for cubitus valgus: 1) congenital condition 2) fractures Two congenital conditions: 1)Turner syndrome: Turner syndrome is a chromosomal disorder in which a female is born with only one X chromosome. People with Turner syndrome experience a number of other symptoms, including…
What is a Gunstock Deformity? DEFINITION: EPIDEMIOLOGY: PATHOPHYSIOLOGY: Anatomy: Pathoanatomy: DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS: What are the causes of Gunstock Deformity? Factors for malunion are: 1) Impacted/Comminuted type1 supracondylar fractures.2)Rotationally unstable type2 fractures treated in a cast with subsequent loss od reduction.3)Poorly stabilized or reduced tyoe3 fracture or delayed neglected fracture. Displacement that occures at elbow joint:…
